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A head of state is the highest-ranking position in a sovereign state and is vested with powers to act as the chief public representative of that state.〔 In most countries, the head of state is a natural person, but the position is held by a body of persons in the Federal Council of Switzerland and the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and, in two other United Nations member states, the position is held by two persons jointly: the Co-Princes of Andorra and the Captains Regent of San Marino.〔〔(HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS ), Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations (2012-10-19). Retrieved on 2012-11-01.〕 The role and functions of the office of a head of state may range from being purely ceremonial figurehead to one that wields autocratic executive power; as the nature of the position of a head of state is for each state to decide; and although several models or patterns exist, there are many idiosyncrasies in different states which preclude tidy classifications.〔〔 The office of a head of state is often distinct from a head of government.〔 For example, the distinction is made in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list.〔〔(Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 ), International Law Commission, United Nations. Retrieved on 2012-10-15.〕〔(Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents 1973 ), International Law Commission, United Nations. Retrieved on 2012-10.23.〕 In parliamentary systems like the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Federal Republic of Germany, for example, the monarch and the president are recognized as their respective heads of state, while the prime minister and the chancellor are recognized as the heads of government.〔〔(Germany ) in The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2012-10-23.〕〔(United Kingdom ) in The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2012-10-23.〕 However, in republics with a presidential system, as in the United States and the Federative Republic of Brazil, their presidents are recognized as being both heads of state and heads of government.〔〔(Brazil ) in The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2012-10-23.〕〔(United States ) in The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2012-10-23.〕 The role of the head of state generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the functions and duties granted to the head of state in the country's constitution, laws, unwritten customs, or by their traditions, including the appointment of members of the government and ambassadors. Before the enactment of the modern French constitution, Charles de Gaulle described the role he envisaged for the French presidency by stating the head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" for the nation itself and the world and embody "a certain idea about France" ((フランス語:une certaine idée de la France)).〔The citation in French is taken from (Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de guerre, tome 1, Plon, 1954 )〕 Today, many countries expect their head of state to carry out their duties with dignity in a similar fashion. ==Constitutional models== Some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of "models".〔Nicolaidis and Weatherill, editors, ''Whose Europe? National Models and theConstitution of the European Union'', 2003 ()〕〔C.P.Gouvea, ''The Managerial Constitution: The Convergence of Constitutional and Corporate Governance Models''. 2013 ()〕〔U. Belavusau, ''Freedom of speech: importing European and US constitutional models in transitional democracies''. Routledge, 2013. Isbn/Ean: 1135071985 / 9781135071981 ()〕〔Heinz Klug, ''Postcolonial Collages: Distributions of Power and Constitutional Models, With Special Reference to South Africa''()〕 An independent nation state normally has a head of state, and determines the extent of its head's executive powers of government or formal representational functions.〔Watts.〕 In protocolary terms, the head of a sovereign, independent, state is usually identified as the person who, according to that state's constitution, is the reigning monarch, in the case of a monarchy, or the president, in the case of a republic. Among the different state constitutions (fundamental laws) that establish different political systems, four major types of heads of state can be distinguished: # The parliamentary system, with two subset models; ## The ''standard model'', in which the head of state, in theory, possesses key executive powers, but the exercise of such power is done on the binding advice of a head of government (E.g.: United Kingdom, India, Pakistan). ## The ''non-executive model'', in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role (E.g.: Sweden, Japan). # The semi-presidential system, in which the head of state shares key executive powers with a head of government or cabinet (E.g.: Russia, France, Sri Lanka); and # The presidential system, in which the head of state is also the head of government and has all executive powers (E.g.: United States, Brazil). ===Parliamentary system=== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Head of state」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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